Nephrology is the area in modern medicine that involves the diagnosis and treatment kidney ailments. A nephrologist diagnoses and decides the treatment for this of kidney disease, by balancing fluids in the body, regulating blood pressure, electrolytes, and administering dialysis.

Nephrologists treat different kidney disorders that also are acid-base disorders, electrolyte disorders, nephrolithiasis which is commonly knows as kidney stones, hypertension or (high blood pressure), acute kidney disorder and last-stage of renal disease. Other kidney related ailments include acquired conditions such as autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus) and systemic vasculitides, as well as congenital or genetic conditions such as polycystic kidney disease.